Manushyalaya chandrika download

Sri Aurobindo breaks new ground in interpreting the ancient Vedas. His deeper insight into this came from his own spiritual practices for which he found vivid allegorical descriptions in the Vedas. Sri Aurobindo was able to uncover the mystery of the double meanings, the inner psychological and yogic significance and practices and the consistent, clear sense brought by this psychological view of the Vedic hymns. Finally, the true inner meaning of the Veda and its relevance to the seeking after self-realization and enlightenment is revealed.

This booklet contains a brief explanation of each of the Upanishads and what its contents are. It is not an in depth study of the Upanishads but more of a primer or level for a beginner to get familiar. After fourteen years of continuous work, the compilation, Swami Vivekananda on the Vedas and Upanishads, is now ready to come to the light of day.

As time went by, the volume of the work and a certain compelling pattern of inner organization built up a critical mass and momentum which swept the project forward to its present state of completion. A number of loose ends remain untied, however. Perhaps that is a good thing, for it provides opportunities for readers to make contributions and additions to the overall body of the work.

An ancient Vedic Sanskrit text, it is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an individual performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire. Yajurveda is one of the four Vedas, and one of the scriptures of Hinduism.

The black Yajurveda has survived in four recensions, while two recensions of white Yajurveda have survived into the modern times. The Svetasvatara upanishad is a short upanishad consisting of mantras divided into six chapters. It belongs to Krsnayurveda.

It gets its name from sage Svetaswara who is said to have taught this to his disciples. It is not one of the more ancient Upanishads that are generally considered to be the major ones. This was written by Chanakya, the guru of Chandragupt Maurya. Its a comprehensive manual on statecraft and governance policies. The text was assumed lost till a manuscript was discovered in in Sanskrit on palm leaves. Shamasastry identified it and published English translations of the text in installments, in journals.

This book is in Sankrit original verses. It describes ancient theories on human body, etiology, symptomology and therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. The Charaka Samhita also includes sections on the importance of diet, hygiene, prevention, medical education, the teamwork of a physician, nurse and patient necessary for recovery to health.

The Sushruta Samhita is an ancient Sanskrit treatise on medicine and surgery. It is an ancient umbrella term for numerous Hindu texts that describe arts, crafts, and their design rules, principles and standards. In the context of temple design, Shilpa Shastras were manuals for sculpture and Hindu iconography, prescribing among other things, the proportions of a sculptured figure, composition, principles, meaning, as well as rules of architecture.

Manushyalaya Chandrika is a sixteenth century CE treatise in Sanskrit dealing with domestic architecture. The work is authored by Thirumangalath Neelakanthan Musath and is a summarization of the basic principles of domestic architecture then widely followed in that region of India now known as Kerala State. From the references to the deities in temples at Triprangode, Trikkandiyur, Alathiyur, etc.

Nothing much is known about the life of the author other than that he has also authored a work on elephantology titled Mathangaleela. It contains numerous and precise descriptions of villages and towns as well as of temples, houses, mansions and palaces. It gives indications for the selection of a proper orientation, of right dimensions and of appropriate building materials.

It intends to be a manual for the architect and a guide-book for the layman. Well-thought-of by the traditional architects sthapati-s of South India, this treatise is of interest at a time when technical traditions, in all fields are being scrutinized for their possible modern application. Manasara, sometimes spelled Manava sara, has extensive discussions on architecture, guidelines for ancient village and town planning, it has section on metal art works as well.

Nitiprakashika is a treatise delineating Nitishastra, i. Rajaniti and Dhanurvidya scripted by Sage Vaishampayana who learnt it from his guru Veda Vyasa and became the master of its Taittiriya branch, and revealed it to the King Janamejaya.

It contains in fact the only accurate description which we possess of the various arms and war implements of the ancient Hindus. Dhanur veda or the science of military is one of the principle Upaveda, a part of the Yajurveda. Treatises on this have been written by sage Brihaspati, Shukra, Brihu, Viswamitra and Vasistha among others. Most of them are lost but some of them are extant. This is a Sanskrit version of some part of the work by sage Vasistha.

Sthapatya Ved is the art and science of architecture. Anyone who has visited the great temples of India, especially the Minaxi temple, Tirupathi temple in southern India and the Kayllas temple in northern India has experienced a sense of inner happiness and fulfillment simply by being in the structure. In addition to the spiritual activities at these temples, there are precise mathematical and astrological calculations, proportions of building plan, specific orientation and the applied knowledge of subtle physical properties which produces this feeling of well being.

The discussion of the combinatorics of meter corresponds to the binomial theorem. It is the oldest Hindu treatise on prosody to have survived into the modern era. This text is structured in 8 books, with a cumulative total of sutras. It is a collection of aphorisms predominantly focussed on the art of poetic meters, and presents some mathematics in the service of music.

The system thus established is extremely detailed as to shiksha phonology, including accent and vyakarana grammar and morphology. Syntax is scarcely touched, because syntax is not important in this highly inflexional language, but nirukta etymology is discussed, and these etymologies naturally lead to semantic explanations. He wrote at a period when considerable advance had been made in both subjects and their treatment had been fused together.

He easily excelled his predecessors in the range and the depth of his knowledge and in his intuition which is marvelous. Nighantu is a Sanskrit term for a traditional collection of words, grouped into thematic categories, often with brief annotations. While a number of nighantavas devoted to specialized subjects exist, the eponymous Nighantu of the genre is an ancient collection, handed down from Vedic times.

A critical edition of the Nighantu and the Nirukta was published in the s by Lakshman Sarup. In it, two major recensions were identified, one longer than the other, indicating additions at untraceable yet relatively early dates. It is now customary to render both recensions together, with the additions of the longer recension in parentheses.

Nirukta covers etymology, and is the study concerned with correct interpretation of Sanskrit words in the Vedas. Nirukta is the systematic creation of a glossary and it discusses how to understand archaic, uncommon words. A central premise of Yaska was that man creates more new words to conceptualize and describe action, that is nouns often have verbal roots.

However, added Yaska, not all words have verbal roots. He asserted that both the meaning and the etymology of words are always context dependent. Naradiya Shiksha is a text that deals mainly with the musical notes and the pronunciation of the words in the Vedic language.

Narada suggests an ardent student of music must lead a disciplined and well regulated life; meditate at proper times. He should learn to pronounce the Mantras clearly and crisply. He recommends consumption of Tri-phala-churna a powder mixed with salt for digestion , memory and lucid pronunciation. He also recommends breathing in of its smoke and also have honey Madhu.

He says, for securing a clear and sweet voice and attractive teeth, one should use the slick of a mango or wood-apple. Either for learning Vedas or Music, it is essential to have clear voice, self control, attention, sound approach. A student of Music should learn to recognize the divinity in the Svaras.

It also mentions that each Grama has seven Murchanas a total of 21 Murchanas. But, it does not define Grama or Murchana. It was said; the set of Murchanas related to Gandharva. Shiksha is the field of Vedic study of sound, focusing on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation. Each ancient Vedic school developed this field of Vedanga, and the oldest surviving phonetic textbooks are the Pratishakyas.

Shiksha is the oldest and the first auxiliary discipline to the Vedas, maintained since the Vedic era. Astrology is rightly termed as one of the Shadangas — the six works auxiliary to the Vedas. The present work Prasna Sasrta and is condensed in 56 shlokas. The Vedanga Jyotish of sage Lagadha is highly significant in the history of science in India in the sense that it is the earliest full-fledged treatise on Indian astronomy.

As an adjunct to the Vedic lore, it forms a manual for the determination of rituals and sacrifices by the Vedic priest and for the preparation of a handy calendar for social and religious events. The study of this classic text makes one grasp the fundamentals of astrology. This is considered to be the most important of the 70 known commentaries on this text.

The Surya Siddhanta is the name of multiple treatises siddhanta in Indian astronomy. It has rules laid down to determine the true motions of the luminaries, which conform to their actual positions in the sky. It gives the locations of several stars other than the lunar nakshatras and treats the calculation of solar eclipses as well as solstices, e. Significant coverage is on kinds of time, length of the year of gods and demons, day and night of god Brahma, the elapsed period since creation, how planets move eastwards and sidereal revolution.

Eclipses and color of the eclipsed portion of the moon are mentioned. This is attributed to sage Apastamba and is supposed to be a South Indian text. It is a collection of mantras to be recited in the course of the ceremonies treated of in it, the mantras being arranged in a fixed order, which the sutra scrupulously follows in the arrangement of its component parts even at the sacrifice of their natural order, The collection is divided into two prainas forming the 25th and the 26th of what is the Apastamba Kalpasutra.

The Apasthamba sulbha sutra forms the last prasna of the Kalpa sutra of Apasthamba which is divided into thirty sections or prasnas. This work deals with the principles of a technical character applicable chiefly to the construction of altars for sacrifices and is indispensable guide to students of Vedic sacrificial rites.

It consists of six patalas divided into twenty one khandas. Bodhayana was a great saint who was the son of Sage Kanva. He has written Grihya Suthras which are followed by many Iyer Brahmins. He belonged to the Krishna Yajur Veda. It is part of Hiranyakeshi Kalpa. It is a textbook on rules of conduct and religious and civil law. The text is credited to Satyasadha Hiranyakeshi. The name of Maharishi Jaimini is held in high esteem and reverence among the Sanskrit writers of eminence and probably he is held only next to Maharishi Vedavyasa.

Jaimini is the disciple of Vyasa, and besides being a writer of various treatises and the Epic Jaimini Bharata, he is the famous author of Poorva Mimamsa Sastra, and these able aphorisms in Astrology called after his name as the Jaimini griha sutras. These manuscripts were acquired by government and used by various European scholars. This books lists our the shlokas found in the various manuscripts. This belongs to Krishna Yajurveda. The various passages of the sutram deal with ceremonies for various life events like birth, upanayanan, marriage, retirement etc.

The Grihya Sutras are sacred Hindu texts containing information regarding Vedic domestic rites and rituals meant for the householders. They were rendered into compositions probably during the same period when the Dharmashastras or the Hindu law books were composed. The Grihya Sutras as their name suggests deal with domestic rituals such as conception, birth, initiation upanayanam , marriage, death etc.

According to one interpretation, Vaikhanasa is the ancient word for Vanaprastha life of a forest dweller or hermit. It is the stage prior to and in preparation for Sanyasa the last stage of total withdrawal from the world. Among the twenty-one Sakha-Samhitas of the Rigveda, as mentioned by Patanjali, only seven Samhitas were known by name and among these too, only one Sakala-Samhita was available in printed form so far.

Now with the publication of the present editon of the Ashvalayana-Samhita a complete picture of a new Sakha-Samhita will come to fore for the first time. In comparison to the Sakala-Samhita, the Ashvalayana-Samhita has additional mantras among which some occur in the common suktas and others form 16 additional complete suktas. Among these additional suktas special mention may be made of Kapinjala-sukta II. Baudhayana, the traditional author of the Sutra, originally belonged to the Kanva school of the White Yajurveda.

The word is sometimes spelled Shrauta in scholarly literature. This particular Srauta belongs to the Yajurveda. The Sankhayana Srauta Sutra is one of the two sutras thus far known which treat of the duties of the Hotar and his assistants at the celebration of the so called Srauta or Vaitanikasacrifices beginning with the Darsa-pura-masa Isi and ending with the complicated SAttras.

The first versions of the Kalpa Vedanga sutras were probably composed by the sixth century BCE, starting about the same time as the Brahmana layer of the Vedas were composed and most ritual sutras were complete by around BCE. They were attributed to famous Vedic sages in the Hindu tradition.

These texts are written aphoristic sutras style, and therefore are taxonomies or terse guidebooks rather than detailed manuals or handbooks for any ceremony.

The grhyastitra of Bharadvaja is not widely known: it is never quoted in the nibandhas. Probably the school of the Bharadvajins, whose seat may have been in Southern India, came to an end at an early period. The contents of our sutra are rather extensive. The succession of the different subjects is not very logical; I can not find any system in it. It looks as if the bhasyakara has also felt this defect.

In his introduction he gives a more logical division of the matter. First, he says, come the rules for the seven pakayajiias, the seven haviryajnas and the seven somayajnas; then follow the garbhadhana, pumsavana, simantonnayana, jatakarman, namakarana, annaprasana, cauda, upanayana, the four vedavratas, the samavartana, sahadharmacarinlsamyoga vivaha and finally the five mahayajnas; together forty ceremonies.

As his source for this division he mentions Gautama. This Srauta text is a part of the Samaveda. It contains chantings for various everyday ceremonies and rituals. The Nidana Sutras of the Samaveda is shrouded in obscurity. The whoe Nidana sutra is in ten Prapathakas. It contains a rich treasure of literary historical notes. It is principally monotheistic in its philosophy, whilst also incorporating elements which could be described as being panentheistic.

Vaikhanansas principle focuses on rituals and worship of Lord Vishnu rather than the philosophy of Uttara Mimamsa, unlike Vaishnavism, the larger and more prevalent form on Vishnu worship.

This is an Atharvadeva sutram. Though it contains many interesting matters not found in other ritual works, it cannot claim a great antiquity. The whole Atharva veda literature bears the stamp of a later period than that of the corresponding works of the other Vedas and the Vaitana Sutram especially presupposes the Atharva Grihya, the so called KAusika Sutra. If the Upanishads are the text-books of philosophical principles discussing man, world and God, the Geeta is a hand-book of instructions as to how every human being can come to live the subtle philosophical principles of Vedanta in the actual work-a-day world.

Srimad Bhagawad Geeta, the Divine Song of the Lord, occurs in the Bhishma Parva of the Mahabharata, and comprises eighteen chapters, from the 25th to the 42nd.

This great hand-book of practical living marked a positive revolution in Hinduism and inaugurated a Hindu renaissance for the ages that followed the Puranic Era. In the Song of the Lord, the Geeta, the Poet-Seer Vyasa has brought the Vedic truths from the sequestered Himalayan caves into the active fields of political life and into the confusing tensions of an imminent fratricidal war.

Rajaji considered this book and his Ramayana to be his greatest service to his countrymen. This is the comprehensive Ganguli translation of the Mahabharata, which was produced by sacred-texts in collaboration with Distributed Proofing. The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan has added to the debt of gratitude owed it by undertaking the publication of the English version of my Tamil Ramayana.

They achieved great success in the distribution of my Mahabharata book and I trust this book of the story of Rama and Sita will receive similar welcome.

Once again, I repeat my confession that in the evening of my busy life during a great and eventful period of Indian history, the writing of these two books wherein I have retold the Mahabharata and Ramayana, is, in my opinion, the best service I have rendered to my people.

The Ramayana is one of the largest ancient epics in world literature. It consists of nearly 24, verses mostly set in the Shloka meter , divided into seven Kandas books and about sargas chapters. In Hindu tradition, it is considered to be the adi-kavya first poem.

It depicts the duties of relationships, portraying ideal characters like the ideal father, the ideal servant, the ideal brother, the ideal wife and the ideal king. The Ramayana was an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry and Hindu life and culture. Like the Mahabharata, the Ramayana is not just a story: it presents the teachings of ancient Hindu sages in narrative allegory, interspersing philosophical and ethical elements.

This is an epic poem in the Awadhi dialect of Hindi, composed by the 16th-century Indian bhakti poet Goswami Tulsidas c. Ramcharitmanas is considered as one of the greatest works of Hindi literature. The Ramayana is indeed a delightful book for Indians to read but difficult for the foreigners. To obviate this difficulty, I have in this translation rendered the verses into simple and clear English, inserted many historical references, corrected several philosophical irregularities and placed some of the verses in their natural order so as to make the sense more lucid.

Composed primarily in Sanskrit, but also in regional languages, several of these texts are named after major Hindu deities such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. The Puranas genre of literature is found in both Hinduism and Jainism. The Puranic literature is encyclopedic, and it includes diverse topics such as cosmogony, cosmology, genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, folk tales, pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, as well as theology and philosophy.

Agni Puran is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas of Hinduism. The text is variously classified as a Purana related to Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism, but also considered as a text that covers them all impartially without leaning towards a particular theology.

The range of topics covered by this text include cosmology, mythology, genealogy, politics, education system, iconography, taxation theories, organization of army, theories on proper causes for war, martial arts, diplomacy, local laws, building public projects, water distribution methods, trees and plants, medicine, design and architecture, gemology, grammar, metrics, poetry, food and agriculture, rituals, geography and travel guide to Mithila Bihar and neighboring states , cultural history, and numerous other topics.

The Markandeya text is one of the Puranas that lacks a sectarian presentation of ideas in favor of any particular god, and it is rare to read any deity being invoked or deity prayers in the entire text. The Brahmanda Purana is notable for including the Lalita Sahasranamam a stotra praising Goddess as the supreme being in the universe , and being one of the early Hindu texts found in Bali, Indonesia, also called the Javanese-Brahmanda. It is listed as the first Maha-Purana in all the anthologies, and therefore also called Adi Purana.

Another title for this text is Saura Purana, because it includes many chapters related to Surya or the Sun god. The name Brahma Purana is misleading and apocryphal because the extant manuscripts of this text have nothing to do with the Hindu god Brahma, and are actually just a compilation of geographical Mahatmya travel guides and sections on diverse topics. This travel guide-like sections are non-sectarian, and celebrates sites and temples related to Vishnu, Shiva, Devi and Surya.

Vastu-Vidya knowledge is a collection of ideas and concepts, with or without the support of layout diagrams, that that are not rigid. Rather, these ideas and concepts are models for the organization of space and form within a building or collection of buildings, based on their functions in relation to each other, their usage and to the overall fabric of the Vastu.

However, this study is mainly concerned to the planning and design principles for residential built environment, and their relevance or applicability in present day context. Prescription of Architectural planning principles in the texts Generic architectural principles laid in the texts can collectively be ordered as follows.

Examination and Selection of Site - Bhu Pariksha 2. Determining the Orientation - Dik Nirnaya 3. Building measurement Test -Aayadi Gananam 4. Door openings - Dwara Sthana 7. Proportion of the building - Bhulamba vidhanam 2. Examination and Selection of Site - bhupariksha [1] Texts have prescribed unique method of testing the site, before it is selected for the construction. The soil has to be examined for its shape, contour, odour, color, features salliyam , taste and touch.

The level of the ground and the vegetation all around was also discussed elaborately. Parameter Preference Unfit 1. Shape of Site Rectangular Irregular 2. Color of Soil White Black 4. Odor of soil Fragrance of Jasmine, Pungent smell Lotus 5. Touch of soil Compact and Smooth Loose and Hard 6. Taste Sweet Bitter Apart from the above, the site is to be rejected if the thorn trees are grown, large trees in the four corners, with husks, ashes and gravels.

The site should also be free from pebbles, worms, ants, charcoal, stumps, any sharp objects, sludge and cavities. Mayamatam C3 V Sending the cows first into the site as ritual and flower test before the possession of the site are prescribed in the texts. Manaiadi Sastram gives only a little account on the testing methods whereas other selected texts prescribe elaborate methods. They also concur on the parameters discussed above.

Site selection in modern architecture Following are some of the important factors which should be considered while selecting site for any residence. The site should be in fully developed area or in the area which has potential of development. The site should command a good view of landscape such a hill, river, lake, etc.

There should be good transport facilities such as railway, bus service, for going to office, college, market, etc. Civic services such as water supply, drainage sewers, electric lines, telephone lines, etc.

Soil at site should not be of made up type as far as possible. The buildings constructed over such soils normally undergo differential settlement and sometimes become the cause of collapse.

Cracks in buildings in such conditions, are quite common 6. The selected site should be large enough; both to ensure the building abundant light and air to prevent any over dominance by the neighboring buildings. The ground water table at the site should not be very high. Nearness of schools, hospitals, market, etc. Good foundation soil should be available at responsible depth. This aspect saves quite a bit in the cost of the building. Residential house site should be located away from the busy commercial roads.

Residential site should not be located near workshops, factories, because such locations are subjected to continuous noise. Orientation of the site also has some bearing on its selection. Site should be such in our country that early morning sun and late evening sun is accepted in the building in summer and maximum sun light is available in most of winter. Inference from comparison Site selection in vastu is only concerned with the shape of the site and the characteristics of soil and vegetation on the site.

However, in modern architecture site selection is more concerned with the surroundings of site like type of development residential, commercial, industrial, etc. In all the texts west seems to be the least preferred direction. By and large the Cardinal directions are preferred more than the ordinal directions. Good orientation can increase the energy efficiency of your home, making it more comfortable to live in and cheaper to run.

The learned men of those days may not have lived in houses themselves but they most definitely dedicated their lives to the development of the science "vaastushastra" or "vaastu", as it is popularly known today. The principles of the science laid down during those days were based purely on the effect of sunrays during different times of the day.

The observations and corrections made were noted and concluded only after in-depth screening of the situation. Vastu is a part of Vedas, which are believed to be four to five thousand years old. Through penance and meditation yogis of that period acquired answers believed to have come from the cosmic mind itself to their questions.

Hence Vedas are heeded with divine knowledge. It used to be a purely technical subject and it was only confined to architects Sthapatis and handed over to their heirs. The principles of construction, architecture, sculpture etc.

There are some other ancient shastras that pass over the knowledge of vastu shastra to next generation, like Vishvakarma Prakash, Samraangan Sutradhar, Kashyap Shilpshastra, Vrihad Sanhita, and Praman Manjaree.

Vastu study incorporates within itself the principles of sculptures, construction and architecture, as they have been described in the epics. From ancient literature, it is found that that the construction of various temples and architectures like temples and palaces was based on Vastu only. References to Vastu Shastra can also be found in the Mahabharata.

The epic tells that when kings were invited to the city of Indraprastha, for the Rajasuya Yagna of King Yuddhistira, a number of houses were built, all of which followed Vastu guidelines. These houses were free from obstructions and had big compounds with great walls. The symmetry of various elements required for the construction of the palace was also taken into consideration. Even the mayasabha of the Mahabharata was built according to the ancient principles of Vastu Shastra.