Citing online sources chicago manual style

If you're citing more than 1 text by the same author published in the same year, you will need to make a clear distinction between each publication. Do this by assigning lowercase letters to each publication and placing them after the date in your citations.

Before assigning letters, alphabetize these sources by title which is also how they will be listed in your bibliography. Assign the letters in order so that the first source is a, the second is b, and so on. Separate multiple citations with semicolons.

If you want to cite information that you got from multiple sources, you can list your sources together in the same parenthetical citation. List each source as you normally would Author Date , but place a semicolon between each source.

Include page numbers when you're citing specific passages. If you are citing a specific passage from your source, localize the information as clearly as possible in your citation by using page numbers or other information such as the chapter number.

Place the page number or other location information after the date, separated with a comma. If you are making a very general statement about the contents of your source, you don't have to include location information.

Aside from page numbers, you can also specify other types of location information, such as chapter number, document number, or figure number. For example: Prince , chap. Method 2. Place a number in superscript after the information you wish to cite.

Unlike the Author-Date style, the Notes-Bibliography NB system uses footnotes or endnotes instead of parenthetical citations. The superscript number for each note will match with the number of the corresponding note at the bottom of the page if you're using footnotes or the end of your work if you're using endnotes. Typically, the number should be placed at the end of the relevant sentence or clause, outside of any punctuation.

You can also use these notes to provide additional information that you don't want to put in the main text. Most word processing programs have tools to help you format footnotes and endnotes. Start the note with the author's first and last name. Once you have added the note number into your text at the point where you want a citation, place a corresponding footnote at the bottom of the page. If you're using endnotes, place the notes in order by number at the end of the work.

The note itself will begin with the name s of the author s. Don't invert the names Last, First as you would in your bibliography. Viola Schmidt If there 2 to 3 authors, list them in the same order used in the publication, separated by commas. For example: John Schmidt, Maureen Schmidt, and Harlan Prince For 4 or more authors, list only the name of the first author, followed by et al. Njord Bjorn et al. Follow the author name s with the title of the source. Put the title directly after the name s of the author s , separated by a comma.

If you're citing a book, put the title in italics. For an article or chapter title, place the title in quotation marks. All titles should be capitalized in headline style. Njord Bjorn, My Experiences at Schmidt Farm If you're citing a chapter from an edited book, place the book title and the editor's name after the chapter title. George Finch. Put publication information in parentheses after the title for book citations. Publication information includes the place of publication, the name of the publishing company, and the date of publication.

Place all these in parentheses immediately after the title, using this format: City: Publishing Company, Year. Include the journal title, issue, number, and date for articles. If your source was published in a journal, you will need to provide additional information about the publication.

After the title of the article, provide the title of the periodical in italics, followed by the volume and issue numbers if applicable. Then, place the date in parentheses. In these cases, the title of the periodical is followed by the month, day, and year of publication. For example: The Naperville Times , February 15, Wrap up your note with page numbers or other location information.

If you are citing a specific passage, chapter, or section of a text, include the page numbers or other location details after the publication information. Put this information outside the parentheses around the book publication information or journal publication date.

If you are citing a journal article, put a colon before the page numbers. For example: 1. Add a URL if you're using an online resource. Place the web address for the cited text after the page numbers in your note. This is a unique identifier that also serves as a permanent URL web address for the article or other electronic resource.

Some older or more obscure periodicals may not have DOIs. If you can't find one on the article or at crossref. Put a period at the end of the citation. Once you've included all the information you need, close off your citation with a period. If your citation includes page numbers or a URL, the period should go after that. Otherwise, you can place the period directly after the publication information. For a more general citation without page numbers : Create an abbreviation for subsequent references.

If you cite the same source more than once, create a shortened version of the title to use after the first note. This shortened reference will consist of the last name of the author s , a clearly identifying word or 2 from the title, and the page numbers or other location you are currently citing. Method 3.

List your entries in alphabetical order by author. Otherwise, look for a revision date; many websites will make note of when they were last modified, edited, or revised. Electronic books e-books are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a media marker at the end of the citation: Kindle, PDF, EPUB, etc.

Books consulted online are also cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI or URL at the end of the citation. See also Books. Note: Stable page numbers are not always available in electronic formats; therefore, you may include the number of chapter, section, or other easily recognizable locator instead. Weston, Anthony. A Rulebook for Arguments , 4th ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, Online periodicals are cited exactly as their print counterparts with the addition of a DOI or URL at the end of the citation.

See also Periodicals. Also keep in mind that while access dates are not required for formally published electronic sources e. For four or more authors, list the first author in the note followed by et al. For the corresponding bibliographic entry, list all authors up to Blog titles should be set in italics and blog entries should be set in quotation marks.

Generally, blog entries are cited only as notes. If you frequently cite a blog, however, then you may choose to include it in your bibliography. Posts on social media will often be cited only as notes, though if you intend to discuss the content in depth, you should also put a citation in the bibliography.

Since it is easy — and common — for social media posts to vanish with little notice, it is advisable to take a screenshot or similar record of anything you intend to cite, so that future edits or deletions will not undermine your work.

Please note that all of this applies only to public content on social media. Private content, such as a direct message or a post in a restricted-membership group should be cited as a personal communication. Social media posts do not typically have titles, so if a title is not provided, simply use the text of the post, retaining all original capitalization, spelling, etc. Do not include more than characters in this section of the citation; if the post is longer than that, cut it off with an ellipsis at a sensible point before the character mark is reached.

Citation of a social media post should fit the following format:. Also, if you have quoted the full post in your main text, you can leave that out of your note citation. Citations for internet forums or mailing lists are very similar to social media citations, with a few differences. Rather than the text of the post, use the thread title or subject heading as your citation title; also, the name of the list or forum should be added in addition to the host site or service.

At times, it may be necessary to cite a comment someone has made on a blog entry, online article, social media post, etc. Generally, the comment will only be cited as a note, not in the bibliography, unless there is some significant reason you feel it should be considered a source on its own, separate from the work to which it was responding.

In this situation, it's best to still include the URL if you know what it was; otherwise, include the URL of the overall website instead. You should also include an access date to show when you retrieved the information, and state that the page no longer exists in parentheses after the URL. For example:.

Hi How do I cite and reference a webpage in Chicago 17, when I have used it multiple times but different articles? You would usually provide a separate footnote citation and reference entry for each different page or article from the site that you used.

Just follow the format provided in the article here, creating a separate citation for each different article from the site. Most universities recommend against citing Wikipedia , as it can be edited by anyone and the information may not be reliable.

The best approach is usually to seek out the sources listed on a Wikipedia page and cite them instead, especially if these are scholarly articles or books. Have a language expert improve your writing.

Check your paper for plagiarism in 10 minutes. Do the check. Generate your APA citations for free! APA Citation Generator. Note: This article mainly covers notes and bibliography style. For author-date style, click here. Chicago website citation Bibliography Author last name , first name. Month Day , Year.

Receive feedback on language, structure and formatting Professional editors proofread and edit your paper by focusing on: Academic style Vague sentences Grammar Style consistency See an example. Footnote example 1. James Smith, Twitter direct message to author, September 19, Reference list Caulfield, Jack.

In-text citation Caulfield Format Organization Name. Reference list University of Glasgow. In-text citation University of Glasgow Format Author last name , first name. Accessed Month Day , Year. Reference list Utrecht University. In-text citation Utrecht University n. Reference list Hui, Sylvia. In-text citation Hui Reference list Germano, William.

In-text citation Germano Format Author last name , first name Username. Reference list Obama, Barack. In-text citation Obama